
Anointing of the Sick and Holy Orders
Introduction
Sacraments are gracious actions of the Holy Spirit working through human deeds. The Catholic Church has seven inter-related sacraments. The meaning and thought behind these sacraments has varied of the course and history of the Church with Vatican II restoring some to their original intent and giving others new meaning and purpose. Most of these are communal and involve human touch. All in someone or another act to restore the original union with the divine and advance relationships with others.
Anointing of the Sick
The Council of Trent said:
The sacred anointing of the sick was instituted by Christ our Lord as a true and proper sacrament of the New Testament. It is alluded to indeed by Mark, but is recommended to the faithful and promulgated by James the apostle and brother of the Lord.
Vatican II Council issued the following statement on this sacrament:
The sacrament of Anointing of the Sick is given to those who are seriously ill by anointing them on the forehead and hands with duly bless oil—pressed from olives or from other plans—saying, only once: “Through this holy anointing may the Lord in his love and mercy help you with the grace of the Holy Spirit. May the Lord who frees you from sin save you and raise you up.
The clearest scriptural reference to this sacrament is:
James 5:14 Is anyone among you sick? He should summon the presbyters of the church, and they should pray over him and anoint [him] with oil in the name of the Lord, 15 and the prayer of faith will save the sick person, and the Lord will raise him up. If he has committed any sins, he will be forgiven.
The Psychology and Theology of Sickness
Jesus was the great physician. The Gospels notably Mark give many accounts of his healing ministries. Luke was also a physician, and Acts gives many accounts of the Apostles healing the sick.
Sickness is a sign of our mortality that stem from human rebellion and the Fall. It is in itself is not sin nor caused by sin of the person or the person’s parents. Sickness subjects persons to pain, discouragement, and rob them of strength and control of their minds and bodies. Sickness may compromise economic self-sufficiency, and induce dependency upon others, and limit potentials and dreams. Many illnesses carry social stigmas and negatively impact relationships with others. Sickness effects not only the person but their entire family, causing a burden for care takers, and creating a void for children.
Individuals may become distraught and question themselves, others, and God. They may be filled with anger and frustration and question God in His mercy, justice, love, and power. They may feel abandoned to a capricious fate.
God can work grace through illness. St. John writes in his Gospel:
John 9:1 As he passed by he saw a man blind from birth. 2 His disciples asked him, “Rabbi, who sinned, this man or his parents, that he was born blind?” 3 Jesus answered, “Neither he nor his parents sinned; it is so that the works of God might be made visible through him. 4 We have to do the works of the one who sent me while it is day. Night is coming when no one can work. 5 While I am in the world, I am the light of the world.” 6 When he had said this, he spat on the ground and made clay with the saliva, and smeared the clay on his eyes, 7 and said to him, “Go wash in the Pool of Siloam” (which means Sent). So he went and washed, and came back able to see.
Suffering may draw individuals closer to Christ and His agony on the cross. Pain may cleanse the passions of the flesh and in the Dark Nights of the Soul lead a person to encounter God in more perfect union. It can teach a person the Be Attitudes. Notably illness can teach an individual humility, meekness, submission, obedience, and perseverance. Suffering is transformed from a result of the Fall to participating in the saving work of Jesus.
Celebrating the Sacrament
The celebration of this sacrament includes the following principle elements: the “priests of the Church”—in silence—lay hands on the sick; they oer them in the faith of the Church—this is the epilclesis proper to this sacrament; they then anoint the with oil blessed, if possible, by the bishop.
The celebration of this sacrament bestows the following graces: strengthening the spirit, peace and courage to overcome the difficulties that go with the condition of serious illness or the frailty of old age. It strengthens a person against the temptation to discouragement or anguish of facing death. This grace is meant to lead the sick person to healing of the soul, but also for the body if such is God’s will. Furthermore, if the person has committed sins, his or her sins will be forgiven.
This sacrament offers ecclesial grace. The sick person who receives this sacrament, “by freely uniting themselves to the passion and death of Christ,” “contribute to the good of the People of God.” By celebrating this sacrament the Church, in the communion of saints, intercedes for the benefit of the sick person, and he or she, for his or her part, through the grace of this sacrament, contributes to the sanctification of the Church to the good of all people for whom the Church suffers and offers herself through Christ to God the Father.
This sacrament may be preparation for the final journey and in this case called sacramentum exeuntium, “Sacrament of departing.” It completes the holy anointings that began with baptism in which a person dies to flesh and to new life in the Spirit. It prepares a person on the pathway to enter eternity.
In the case of dying, the follow sequence of sacraments is performed by a priest: baptism, resolution, anointing of the sick, and viaticum (the last communion.) If time is of essence, the anointing of the sick may be omitted.
With anointing of the sick, it is important for person, family, or care providers be in communication with the priest, so that the person may receive on going pastoral care and be alert when the final sacraments are performed.
Holy Orders
Introduction
The book of Hebrews speaks of the Old Testament legacy of priests. It begins with Levi and his descendants, notably Aaron. Notably is the priest Melchizedek, king of Salem, who blessed Abraham, and Jesus is the high priest forever according to the order of Melchizedek. Jesus sets at the right hand of the Father in heaven. He is the minster of the sanctuary and of the tabernacle that the Lord, not man, set up. Priests of the Old Testament continually offered animals as sacrifice for sin offerings and Aaron provided manna from heaven to the Israelites while they were on their Exodus. Jesus came and offered, Himself as the Pascal Lamb, pure and with blemish, once and for all for the forgiveness of sins. For by one offering one offering he has made perfect forever those who are being consecrated. The Holy Spirit also testifies to us, for saying: This is the covenant I will establish with them after those days, says the Lord: I will my laws in their hearts, and I will write up their minds. Their sins and their evildoing will remember no more. Christ acts as a mediator and advocate between man and the Father.
St. Paul writes in 1 Corinthians charismatic leaders of the church: Apostles, prophets, teachers, healers, administrators, speakers of tongues, and interpreters of those who speak in tongues. Biblical authors were careful not to refer to any leader as priests to show that they were under a new covenant. Instead they designated the follow leaders: bishops/ overseers, presbyters/elders, and deacons.
The Church is a priestly fellowship, as all belong to the priesthood of believers, Laity belong to the common priesthood. The ordained ecclesiastical ministry consists of three orders (groups) that serve the laity: the episcopal (bishops), presbyters (priests), and diaconate (deacons).
Analysis
The sacrament of Holy Orders is like baptism and confirmation is conferred only once and cannot be undone. All are baptized men as Christ called only men to be his apostles. Bishops and priests are called to remain celibate for the sake of the kingdom of God. Married men can be ordained as deacons. It is like marriage in that it sets an individual apart for sacred use.
Ordination confers an indelible character on the individual. This is an act of grace. Ordination are communal events. The essential rite of Holy Orders for all three degrees consists in the bishop’s imposition of hand on the head of the ordinand and in the bishop’s specific consecratory prayer asking God for the outpouring of the Holy Spirit and his gifts proper to the ministry to which the candidates being ordained. At the ceremony, bishops and priests are anointed with the holy chrism. Holy orders are conferred by a bishop, the vicar of Christ, who stand as successors to the apostles.
Three bishops confer ordination for a bishop, a bishop confers ordination on a priest with attending priests laying on their hands, and a bishop confers ordination on a deacon with all the attending deacons signing the cross.
Bishops and priests act in person for Christ. Bishops provide pastoral care for the Church in one particular locality. They offer the sacraments. Priests are co-workers with the bishop and administer the sacraments in the bishop’s absence (baptism, confirmation, reconciliation, Eucharist, marriage, and anointing of the sick.)
The order of deacons was re-established after Vatican II, and as such the deacons are servants to the bishop performing specific ministries to the Church (Fiscal management, Prison Ministry, Hospital ministry, and assisting in the liturgy of mass.).